ʻUlum Al-Qur’an (Qur’anic Sciences) | Part 2 | The Revelation of the Quran
The revelation of the Quran holds the utmost significance in Qur’anic Sciences. Understanding that the Quran was divinely revealed forms a cornerstone of faith and underpins the recognition of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ as the final Messenger to all worlds. This knowledge is the essential starting point for any research in Qur’anic studies, which is why the study of the Quran’s revelation constitutes the first chapter in all branches of Qur’anic Sciences.
The Grandeur of the Quran and Its Revelation in Stages
Matters of great importance often occur gradually, in carefully measured stages. Human experience confirms this truth: for instance, one does not approach a person of high rank directly but moves through various intermediaries first. Similarly, a formal event or a luxurious meal unfolds step by step, not all at once.
While these worldly examples help illustrate the principle, the nobility of the Quran surpasses all worldly affairs. Revealing the Quran in stages emphasizes its greatness, demonstrating that its divine message deserves more reverence than any worldly person or event. If respect is accorded to high-ranking people or significant occasions, how much greater should it be for the Word of Allah?
The First Descent
The initial revelation of the Quran occurred from Allah to the Well-Preserved Tablet (Al-Lawḥ Al-Maḥfûẓ). The Quran itself confirms this in Sûrat Al-Burûj (85:21-22): “This is a glorious Recitation, preserved in a Tablet well-kept.” The timing and manner of this descent are known only to Allah.
This first descent was complete and immediate, unlike the sequential revelation to Prophet Muhammad ﷺ. Scholars affirm this based on Quranic evidence and understand that the gradual sequence of revelation to the Prophet ﷺ was not applicable at this stage.
The wisdom of placing the Quran on the Heavenly Tablet is profound: it serves as a record of everything decreed by Allah for all worlds, highlighting the importance of comprehending Allah’s Word for both this life and the Hereafter. Some scholars suggest this initial descent may have also been a heavenly announcement of the final revelation.
The Second Descent
The Quran was next revealed in its entirety from the Heavenly Tablet to Bayt Al-ʿIzzah (The House of Majesty) in the earthly realm. Sûrat Al-Qadr (97:1) confirms: “Indeed, We sent it down on the Night of Empowering Decree.” While the exact date is unknown to us, we know this event occurred in Ramaḍân, a month designated by Allah for this blessed occurrence.
Hadith sources, including Ibn Mardawayh and Al-Bayḥaqî, explain that while the Quran was revealed progressively to the Prophet ﷺ over 23 years, its initial descent from the Tablet was complete and simultaneous.
The Third Descent
The final stage involved sending the Quran from Bayt Al-ʿIzzah to the heart of the Prophet ﷺ through Jibrîl (A.S). Allah says: “The Trustworthy Spirit [Gabriel] descends with it upon your heart, so that you may be among the warners, in a clear Arabic tongue” (Al-Shûʿarâ’, 26:193-195).
Neither Jibrîl (A.S) nor the Prophet ﷺ had any role in composing the words or arranging the verses. This divine revelation is distinct from Hadith Qudsî, where the Prophet ﷺ conveys the essence in his own words.
Duration of the Quran’s Revelation
The Quran’s revelation began with the start of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ’s prophethood and continued until his passing, spanning 23 years.
Tanjîm Al-Qur’ân: The Apparent Scattered Order
The term tanjîm, meaning “star-like,” reflects the Quran’s seemingly scattered sequence. Just as stars appear randomly arranged in the sky, the Quran was revealed in a non-linear order over time. Sûrat Al-Furqân (25:32-33) emphasizes: “Even so, it is revealed gradually so We may strengthen your heart with it.” Unlike previous Heavenly Books, the Quran was intentionally revealed in stages.
Purpose Behind Gradual Revelation
- Strengthening the Prophet’s Heart: Gradual revelation brought ongoing peace and serenity to the Prophet ﷺ, rather than one overwhelming experience, helping the Quran settle in his heart bit by bit.
- Guiding the Muslim Community Gradually: Gradual revelation allowed early Muslims to memorize and understand the Quran progressively. It also ensured that the Sharîʿah was implemented in stages, addressing deeply ingrained habits while guiding believers toward moral and social reform.
- Alcohol consumption: Initially discouraged, then restricted during prayers, and finally prohibited.
- Marriage and social conduct: Gradual restrictions were applied to encourage ethical and social reform.
- Slavery: Gradual guidance encouraged freeing slaves and establishing social justice within the Sharîʿah framework.
This staged approach ensured the spiritual and social transformation of individuals and the Muslim community in a practical and sustainable manner.
